Nevertheless, these cases are preventable with some simple adjustments. If you liked this post and want to see more great images of birds make sure to check out 10,000 Clicks, our big (and growing) page of galleries here at 10,000 Birds. This work was supported by the University of Montana, the Dan Pletscher Avian Science Scholarship (to A.C.B.) Our results showed that Steller’s jays integrate information about predator species identity with predator detection cue type to assess risk and this is reflected in their alarm calls. For example, Texas horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) adopt different antipredator behaviors in response to 2 snake predators that vary in their hunting strategies (Sherbrooke 2008). Gribble To help us return your call quickly, please leave your contact information and observation. . Sulloway For example, in response to seeing predators of different body size, black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) alter the number of “dee” elements in their chick-a-dee call (Templeton et al. Steller's Jay is most numerous in dense coniferous woods of the mountains and the northwest coast, where its dark colors blend in well in the shadows. Maechler Jay doesn’t just sound the alarm. M However, when a feeder was used all stimuli were presented at that feeder during the field season. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls, The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions, Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals, Background risk influences learning but not generalization of predators, Extended parental care of fledglings: parent birds adjust anti-predator response according to predator type and distance, Alarm calls of tufted titmice convey information about predator size and threat, Northern goshawk food habits and goshawk prey species habitats, Predation risk induces changes in nest-site selection and clutch size in the Siberian jay. GW © Copyright 2020 WRA Wildlife Rescue Association of British Columbia. D M 2016). 2010). However, contrary to this, Steller’s jays had a longer latency to resume foraging and gave more wah calls with more elements and a higher wek duty cycle when they saw rather than heard a northern goshawk. The speaker for the playbacks was hidden in natural vegetation and placed between 15 m and 20 m from the feeder approximately 2 m off the ground. Steller’s jays’ responses to predators appear to be complex and differ between their foraging behavior versus their alarm calling behavior. Greene They often soar and then dive on their prey from above. Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) is a bird native to western North America, closely related to the blue jay found in the rest of the continent, but with a black head and upper body. M To test whether the difference in assessment is reflected in their alarm calls, we recorded the alarm calls given by Steller’s jays to determine if and how they alter them in response to different stimuli. We investigated the following 2 questions: 1) how do Steller’s jays assess risk using different predator detection cues across different predators and 2) how do these factors influence their alarm calls? This is because of how size affects the aerodynamics of flight (Templeton et al. When a predator is close by Steller’s Jay s are quick to respond to the threat. Steller’s jays are a good species to explore discrimination and communication about predator risk. Davison Suzuki D We also attempted to control for body size and hunting strategy by selecting predators that either shared or differed in these attributes (Figure 2). This is similar to the graded variation in alarm calls of species with more complex alarm calls, such as Siberian jays, tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor), and Japanese great tits (Parus major minor) (Griesser 2009; Sieving et al. To minimize the chance that we tested the same jays at different feeders, we chose feeders that were far apart: The average distance between feeders was 15 km and the closest feeders were 3 km apart. This species is not endangered. He follows up with swift, decisive action, often driving off predators many time his size. VR Meehan-Martin JS DL There were very few red-tailed hawk mimetic calls to any of the visual stimuli and they were not significantly different from one another or the matched acoustic stimuli (P < 0.05). 2005; Griesser 2009). Walker We also played the territorial vocalizations of 4 raptors: northern pygmy-owl, sharp-shinned hawk, red-tailed hawk, and northern goshawk. For example, male wolf spiders (Schizocosa ocreata) respond to seismic and acoustic cues of an avian predator by not moving but seek cover in response to visual cues of that same predator (Lohrey et al. Hunting strategy is another factor that may be important in determining how risky a predator is to prey (Stankowich and Blumstein 2005). 1980), body size (Templeton et al. Waack Nystrand JW We measured the latency to resume foraging of the flock as a proxy for threat level. Fledgling Steller’s Jays are even more vulnerable, they spent time on the ground learning how to fly. To test how Steller’s jays assess risk, we measured the amount of time it took Steller’s jays to resume foraging as a proxy for perceived risk, because reduced feeding is a common response to increased perceived risk (Brown et al. Finally, for the ratio of element duration to interval duration (i.e., duty cycle), we took the ratio of the average element duration per stimulus and divided by the average element interval duration per stimulus. Steller's Jays are omnivores, and their diets are about 2/3 vegetable-matter and 1/3 animal-matter. The white bars indicate response to the acoustic stimuli and the gray bars indicate response to the visual stimuli. Since 1979 more than 125,000 animals have been treated by Wildlife Rescue. 5216 Glencarin Drive, Burnaby, BC V5B 3C1. Northern goshawks eat a wide variety of medium to large mammals and birds (Squires and Reynolds 1997). Many animals give alarm calls in response to a predator. However, more direct tests are needed of how the perceptual use of predator cues across different predators influences assessment of risk and alarm call behaviors. Is a blue jay a predator? The loud noise of the bells combined with the bright collar will allow birds to fly away from the potential threat before they get hurt. A large, dark jay of evergreen forests in the mountainous West. To identify how the responses differed between all stimuli, playback and cue categories, any models that were significant from the fixed effect bootstraps were run with a Tukey−Kramer post hoc test. Many species of jays and their allies are known to mimic the sounds of other animals, including predators. We presented Steller’s jays with 4 robotic birds matched to the acoustic stimuli: Townsend’s solitaire (adult), northern pygmy-owl (adult male), sharp-shinned hawk (adult female), and a northern goshawk (yearling female). The random effect of feeder location was significant in all models (P < 0.05) and so, it was kept in each model to account for those differences while testing the fixed effects. 1999). Recently, three Steller’s Jay fledglings have been admitted to Wildlife Rescue due to predator attacks and nest disturbances. And when they heard a sharp-shinned hawk, they gave more wah calls than the control and northern pygmy-owl (Figure 4a; acoustic sharp-shinned vs. visual sharp-shinned: P = 0.396; acoustic sharp-shinned vs. acoustic pygmy-owl: P = 0.002; acoustic sharp-shinned vs. acoustic control: P < 0.001; acoustic sharp-shinned vs. visual pygmy-owl: P = 0.018; acoustic sharp-shinned vs. visual control: P < 0.001) but they did not alter the number of wah elements per wah call or wek duty cycle like they did when they saw a sharp-shinned hawk. We chose raptors that differed in possible threat level based on size and hunting strategy (Figure 2) and we experimentally manipulated whether the predator was heard or seen. . Seconds to resume foraging. First, their vocal repertoire includes 2 different alarm calls that are acoustically simple and only contain one note or element type per call (Walker et al. These results show that the assessment of risk from different detection cues depends on the species of predator and that even alarm calls that are relatively simple in acoustic structure can contain potentially large amounts of information about predators, which suggests unexplored frontiers of communication among animals. 2016). The same subspecies of Steller’s jay, Cyanocitta stelleri annectens, occurs at both of these sites (Walker et al. These robotic birds were taxidermied birds with small servo motors to move their heads. Experience plays a large part in how prey species will respond to particular predators because cognitive properties and perception of risk can be closely linked to previous experience (Stankowich and Blumstein 2005; Chivers et al. Billings Voted as BC’s official bird in 1987, Steller’s Jays are known for their beautiful blue colour on their wings and the unique black plume of feathers on their heads. Call Wildlife Rescue’s Support Centre at 604-526-7275. Eavesdropping on other species: mutual interspecific understanding of urgency information in avian alarm calls, Deception by flexible alarm mimicry in an African bird, Vocal mimicry by a passerine bird attracts other species involved in mixed-species flocks, Mobbing calls signal predator category in a kin group-living bird species, Diets of northern pygmy-owls and northern saw-whet owls in west-central Montana, Suggested experimental designs for song playbacks, Using appropriate experimental designs for intended hypotheses in ‘song’ playbacks, with examples for testing effects of song repertoire sizes, Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions, Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus, Antipredator responses of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) to sensory cues representing an avian predator, Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting accipiter during breeding, Signalers and receivers in animal communication, Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication, Antipredator responses by Texas horned lizards to two snake taxa with different foraging and subjugation strategies, The versatility of graded acoustic measures in classification of predation threats by the tufted titmouse Baeolophus bicolor: exploring a mixed framework for threat communication, ‘Chick-a-dee’ calls of Carolina chickadees convey information about degree of threat posed by avian predators, Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment, Effects of predator behavior and proximity on risk assessment by Columbian black-tailed deer, Communication about predator type by a bird using discrete, graded and combinatorial variation in alarm calls, Experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls, Allometry of alarm calls: black-capped chickadees encode information about predator size, Prey of breeding northern goshawks in Washington, Fowl communicate the size, speed and proximity of avian stimuli through graded structure in referential alarm calls, The effect of predator type and danger level on the mob calls of the American crow, © The Author 2017. Animals can also combine different note types in different orders and sequences to convey information about predators (Blumstein 1999; Griesser 2009; Suzuki 2014; Suzuki et al. They love the dense, coniferous woods of the various mountain ranges in the West, and along the coast of the Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, Steller’s jays altered the acoustic structure of their alarm calls depending on the species of raptor and whether they saw or heard them. Bates . The Steller's Jay is the only jay found west of the Rockies that features a crest. We recorded the vocalizations with a Sennheiser 67 shotgun microphone (Sennheiser, Wedemark, Germany) into a Marantz PMD 661 (Marantz, Kanagawa, Japan) recorder at 48 kHz sampling rate and 24-bit depth. The differences in alarm calls could be due to arousal levels alone and may not encode information about predator species, detection cue or threat level to receivers. Equipping your cats with colourful collars and loud bells help warn wandering birds of these cats. However, they will eat jay-sized birds and are abundant at all of our study sites. Black circles indicate outliers. Although we did not have birds individually-banded, each flock appeared to be consistently associated with a particular feeder, and remained stable in size during the winter. Because Steller’s jays produce mimetic red-tailed hawk calls almost exclusively in response to hearing real red-tailed hawk calls, we suggest that they function as alarm calls (Goodale and Kotagama 2006). 2005): Small predators receive significantly more “dee” elements than larger predators. Marler The lowercase letters indicate differences at P < 0.05. It is also known as the long-crested jay, mountain jay, and pine jay. Away from the risk of being struck by cars, attacked by wildlife and other pets, and deadly diseases, indoor cats live a much longer life than outdoor cats. Shiny objects. 2005; Courter and Ritchison 2010; Sieving et al. They did not distinguish between seeing or hearing a sharp-shinned hawk (visual sharp-shinned vs. acoustic sharp-shinned: P = 0.391; Figure 3) but they took longer to return to foraging when they saw a goshawk than when they heard a goshawk (visual goshawk vs. acoustic goshawk: P = 0.013; Figure 3). We can also support Steller’s Jays in our own backyards! Muehter Acoustically different calls can be produced for different types of predators (i.e., referential) (Seyfarth et al. S Steller’s jays change the number of calls, the number of elements and the duty cycle of the elements in response to the interaction between predator species and detection cues. When they heard a northern goshawk, they increased the number of wek elements per wek call in comparison to seeing a northern goshawk (Figure 4d; acoustic goshawk vs. visual goshawk: P = 0.004). '; Steller’s jays at the feeders were exposed to 5 acoustic stimuli. Address correspondence to A.C. Billings. Predators can vary in the risk they pose, depending upon the factors such as body size, maneuverability, hunting strategy, and diet. RM These results demonstrate that Steller’s jay’s assessment of risk involves an interaction between predator identity and predator detection cue and in response, they alter their acoustically-simple alarm calls in surprisingly nuanced ways To standardize across stimuli and exemplars, we used a 50% duty cycle and peak amplitude was set to 80 dB SPL A-weighting at 1 m using an Extech 407730 sound level meter (Extech Instruments, Nashua, NH) We made the stimuli in Raven Pro 1.4 (Charif et al. Prey can also detect predators with different senses, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling them. Steller’s Jays are a common sight in the forests of the Western United States. 2422, frequency response curve is flat between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, Apple, Cupertino, CA) connected to a PigNose Legendary 7–100 field speaker (frequency response curve is flat between 500 Hz and 17,000 Hz, PigNose, Las Vegas, NV). After placing the speaker or robotic bird near the feeder, we waited until the birds returned to normal foraging activity before starting an experiment. All statistical analyses were done in R using the lme4 package with an α of 0.05 (Bates et al. Predators differ in their risk to prey and predator detection cue types differ in the information they provide to prey. Fortunately, these magnificent birds are generally adaptive, and their population has continued to grow since the 70s. What eats a steller jay? Steller’s jays produced mimetic red-tailed hawk calls mainly in response to hearing the calls of red-tailed hawks. They can even echo the call of a cat or a dog, which must be useful for securing a feeder or some scattered peanuts to themselves. . Thanks to the support of individuals like you, Wildlife Rescue can provide a lifeline for animals in distress. M Creating dynamic environments for our cats is one way we can reduce the amount of time they spend outside – therefore lowering the number of cat attacks. Where they co-occur, Steller’s jays are one of the most common bird species in their diet (Reynolds and Meslow 1984; Watson et al. TP Black bars indicate median values. You can help prevent predator attacks in your yard! Steller’s jays differed in their latency to resume foraging depending on the cue and predator identity (Figure 3; Stimuli × Cue: χ2 = 80.49, df = 4, P < 0.001). We conducted experiments at bird feeders in the Missoula Valley, MT (46°52′19′′ N, 114°59′38′′ W) and the Methow Valley, WA (48°31′34′′ N, 120°10’26” W). ML Yet it is not clear if animals differentially use various cue types to assess risk, nor how they incorporate this information into their antipredator behaviors. These eggs will hatch after 16 days. We conducted experiments at 8 feeders during the winter of 2014–2015 (N = 8 for each stimulus). Seven of the feeders were located in Montana and 11 in Washington. Because the information provided about a potential predator can vary depending upon how it was detected, antipredator behaviors may also vary with cue type. SA Alarm call response. If the Steller’s jays fled in response to a stimulus, we measured how long it took for any Steller’s jay flock member to return to the feeder. However, we could not control for the experience of the free-living Steller’s jays. Creating an incentive for our cats to stay inside is also a helpful tool since many cats roam outside due to boredom in their homes. . In response to hearing a red-tailed hawk, they stayed away significantly longer than when exposed to a northern pygmy-owl or control (acoustic red-tailed vs. acoustic pygmy-owl: P = 0.026; acoustic red-tailed vs. visual pygmy-owl: P = 0.280; acoustic red-tail vs. acoustic control: P = 0.004; acoustic red-tail vs. visual control: P = 0.077; Figure 3). Lucon-Xiccato Most or their prey is 30 g or less but they will occasionally attack birds much larger (such as bobwhite quail, American robins, and northern flickers; Holt and Peterson 2000). Except when nesting it lives in flocks, and the birds will often fly across a clearing one at a time, in single file, giving their low shook-shook calls as they swoop up to perch in a tall pine. By creating enclosed cat-friendly patios and porches, cats will get the outside time they need while also staying in a certain area. Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana. 2015). Stimuli used for experiments. Again, there were no differences between stimuli in the duration of the wah elements (P = 0.396) or the duration of the intervals between the wahs (P = 0.144), only in the ratio of wah element duration to interval duration. We also never observed Steller’s jays give mimetic red-tailed hawk calls that scared others from feeding sites so that they could feed (Flower et al. Finally, the type of cue that prey use to detect predators (e.g., hearing vs. seeing a predator) is another factor that may be important to the risk a predator poses to prey. Second, Steller’s jays have a wide variety of natural predators that vary in the risk they pose. They seem to wreak havoc wherever they go, bouncing between trees in small groups and loudly dominating the feeders at your deck. 2016). Creating shelter for these birds is another way to help these unique birds – planting bushes that provide shelter will assist them in their fight for survival. When the birds returned to feeding regularly and at least 1 jay was perched on the feeder we began the 2-min playback (exposure). They took longer to return to foraging after exposure to a sharp-shinned hawk or northern goshawk than after exposure to the control (sharp-shinned vs. control: P < 0.001; goshawk vs. control: P < 0.001; Figure 3). Wildlife Rescue Association of British Columbia Mitchell 2009). Unexpectedly, when Steller’s jays saw a northern pygmy owl they also increased the duty cycle of their wek call similar to seeing a sharp-shinned hawk or a northern goshawk (Figure 4c; visual pygmy-owl vs. visual sharp-shinned: P = 0.678; visual pygmy-owl vs. visual goshawk: P = 0.972). . Registered Charity #131373490RR0001 For all the wah and wek variables, we assigned stimuli (4 levels: Townsend’s solitaire, northern pygmy-owl, sharp-shinned hawk, northern goshawk), exposure period (2 levels: exposure, postexposure), and cue (2 levels: acoustic, visual) as fixed effects. 2008) and saved the audio files as 24-bit WAV files. The variation in the speaker distance from the feeder was due to the variation in distance of the vegetation available to hide the speaker. Robertson These fledglings are in the important stage to learn to fly, self-feed, and navigate the wild, however; these challenges prevent their journey to continue in the wild. Mean ± SE of the amount of time it took the Steller’s jays to resume foraging to the 5 acoustic predator stimuli and the 4 visual predator stimuli. Grisser Sadly, foraging on the ground leaves them more vulnerable to cat attacks – attacks that account for nearly a billion bird deaths each year. Ridley E Variation and change in behavior: a comment on Loftus et al. AK When Steller’s jay’s saw a northern goshawk, they gave more wah calls (Stimuli × Exposure × Cue: χ2 = 33.88, df = 10, P < 0.001) in comparison to all the other stimuli (Figure 4a; visual goshawk vs. visual sharp-shinned: P = 0.017; visual goshawk vs. visual pygmy-owl: P < 0.001; visual goshawk vs. visual control: P < 0.001; visual goshawk vs. acoustic sharp-shinned: P < 0.001; visual goshawk vs. acoustic pygmy-owl: P < 0.001; visual goshawk vs. acoustic control: P < 0.001) with more wah elements (Stimuli × Exposure × Cue: χ2 = 16.99, df = 10, P = 0.075) than to all the other stimuli except seeing a sharp-shinned hawk (Figure 4b; visual goshawk vs. visual sharp-shinned: P = 0.937; visual goshawk vs. visual pygmy-owl: P = 0.004; visual goshawk vs. visual control: P = 0.010; visual goshawk vs. acoustic sharp-shinned: P = 0.010; visual goshawk vs. acoustic pygmy-owl: P = 0.037; visual goshawk vs. acoustic control: P = 0.002). 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