The purpose of the Qucs-S subproject is to use free SPICE circuit simulation kernels with the Qucs GUI. This input came from Jeff in June 2015: I'm one of the founders of Raven Standard LLC. The spice4qucs project group is one of a number of sub-groups within the overall Qucs Development Team. This will be our rst circuit, which will be built step by step: It can also report errors. Fill in the parameters as desired. This VNA metrology application was originally developed for National Metrology Institutes and high-level industry laboratories but we do see now an increased interest from industry, accredited laboratories and academia. The other reason is to compare the impact on accuracy by applying different calibration methods or calibration standard definitions on exactly the same S-parameter raw data. The supported file formats as well as usage information can be found on the manpage of qucsconv. If you ever need to convert between DWG, DXF, GDS files, download it. QUCS Alternatives. Qucs allows for nested simulations; as an example we consider an AC analysis together with a parameter sweep. Here is a historical document that describes its use: R. C. Compton; W. L. Williams; D. B. Rutledge, "Puff, an Interactive Microwave Computer Aided Design Program for Personal Computers"  1987 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp 707 - 708. A Qucs Tutorial for RF Transmission Lines Pere Pal a-Sch onw alder February 2012 1 Simple Transmission Line in the Time Domain Let’s start with a simple circuit composed of a voltage generator, a transmission line and a load. electromagnetic field simulator), many historical flaws were fixed. Application: Qucs Category: Education Description: Quite Universal Circuit Simulator (Qucs) is an open source electronics circuit simulator software released under GPL. . . Someone let us know if this is useful or not please... We are too lazy to try this 10 year old link, can someone log in to RFglobalnet and tell us if it is still working? Thanks to Juerg... VNA Tools is a free software developed by the National Metrology Institute from Switzerland (METAS) for measurements with the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Pure digital simulations are also supported using Not all of it has been checked out by us, so buyer beware. The netlist for this simulation is as follows. The command line conversion program tool is used by the GUI to import and export datasets, netlists and schematics from and to other CAD/EDA software. Please send us an email if you have any information for this page. https://www.cmicro.com/support/wincal-support/downloads. In the formula . Qucs-S example schematics can be found in the Qucs-S V0.0.21 source code “examples” directory. Sonnet provides a free student version of their planar EM solver. The LayoutEditor or more exact the SchematicEditor can open this file format, but it requires information on the used symbols In QucsStudio 2.5.7 the TH parameter for Pulse high duration is not respected, however TL is ok. We are eager to give back to the community and are therefore hoping that you find the app interesting and worthy of the site. . Future versions will not be able to load old schematic files. Click the images for a full size version. Qucs_S V0.0.21 build can be downloaded from https://ra3xdh.github.io/ . Model symbols, and properties for Qucs, as well as compiled modules for qucssator are loaded dynamically during runtime. The library can be extended by the user. We are a group of emag enthusiasts that have spent the last bit (1.5 years) of time developing a free, open-source emag app. QucsStudio-Tutorial Part 2: Harmonic Balance Simulations Version 1.0 Author: Gunthard Kraus, DG8GB, Guest Professor at the Duale Hochschule Baden-Wuerttemberg (Friedrichshafen / Germany), assisted by the Programs Author Michael Margraf, DD6UM Email: mail@gunthard-kraus.de Homepage: www.gunthard-kraus.de January 1st, 2016 1 Even a virtual VNA is built in to create artificial measurements – this is very convenient for educational purposes as no VNA hardware is needed to demonstrate the S-parameter metrology and the impact from the different possible calibration methods. a free and powerful circuit simulator. These are usually implemented as macros. It reads a netlist file augmented with commands, performs simulations, and finally produces a dataset file. The ‘Quite universal circuit simulator’ (Qucs) is an open source circuit simulator supporting Verilog-A compact model standardization. Analog and mixed simulations can be performed by simulators that read the qucsator netlist format. Linear Technologies' (now part of Analog) LTspice IV is free and kicks ass. I've tried it and it appears to work for linear, transient, harmonic balance, and also supports Verilog device modelling. When baby-boomer microwave engineers retire we can rest easy knowing that smart, motivated, stick-shift-driving engineers like Alex will take up the slack. Qucs_S V0.0.21 build can be downloaded from https://ra3xdh.github.io/ . V. cs. At the top menu, under “Tools”, click “Filter synthesis”. Quite Universal Circuit Simulator (Qucs) is a free-software electronics circuit simulator software application released under GPL.It offers the ability to set up a circuit with a graphical user interface and simulate the large-signal, small-signal and noise behaviour of the circuit. Click here to go to our main page on computer-aided design. © All Rights Reserved. They are mostly free software, and most run on multiple operating systems. I can enter in the code from the tutorial, but that is where things go amoke. Release 0.0.12 extends these features to add model development using symbolic equations that are Screenshots Click on the pictures to see them in original size. . The only downside to me is that QucsStudio runs only on Windows and not Linux and has problems with saving projects when used under WINE with Linux. ), File containers (S-parameter datasets, SPICE netlists), This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 18:09. Qucs version 0.0.16 while introducing a new dynamic code loader. QUCS has a graphical interface for schematic capture. http://www.paraview.org/Wiki/images/f/f4/ParaViewTutorial42.pdf. GitHu . While the two share some developers and they are very similar user interfaces - similar to Agilent ADS, QucsStudio has harmonic balance whereas Qucs does not and QucsStudio has a greater integration with Verilog compilation and support than Qucs. The purpose of the Qucs-S subproject is to use free SPICE circuit simulation kernels with the Qucs GUI. The attenuator synthesis application can be used to design various types of passive attenuators. http://dd6um.darc.de/QucsStudio/qucsstudio.html. It is based on a quasi-analytical approach and was written at TU Delft. The GUI includes a text editor which can display netlists and simulation logging information. http://qucs.sourceforge.net/ (thanks to Matt!). Qucs intentionally uses its own SPICE incompatible simulation kernel Qucsator. . Moreover, QucsStudio appears to be upgraded at more regular intervals than Qucs. It is intended to be much simpler to use and handle than other circuit simulators like gEDA or PSPICE. Qucs intentionally uses its own SPICE incompatible simulation kernel Qucsator. For circuit optimization (minimization of a cost function), ASCO [3] may be invoked. Parameters in brackets "[]" are optional. No restriction for using as a S-parameter file viewer. The software facilitates the tasks of evaluating measurement uncertainty in compliance with the ISO-GUM and vindicating metrological traceability. If anyone can rate these tools for us, we have a free tool for you! The NIST site offers a variety of free software, including various on-wafer calibration software (MultCal, for TRL and LRM), transmission line calculators, uncertainty calculators etc. The GUI is used to create schematics, setup simulations, display simulation results, writing VHDL code, etc. The bug has been . Indices and tables ¶ https://stecker-shop.net/ (you might want to translate from German...P. At this point, maybe the world should give up on Puff, and work on developing some modern, free apps. Pure digital simulations are also supported using VHDL and/or Verilog. For data review ParaView is a fantastic program it accepts all sorts of data files and  automatically will plot, animate etc. Please send us an email if you have any information for this page. . Download Qucs - A circuit simulator that helps users perform many simulation tests (e.g. of the tools’ document . . It today's date is later than that, all bets are off.On this page we provide links to free EDA software. Qucs and QucsStudio (see above) also perform Spice analysis. . technical.pdf. Use their search tools to look for Puff. . Not all of it has been checked out by us, so buyer beware. Create a new schematic if you need to. Around 2000, someone converted Puff from DOS to Windows. Other features include the transmission line calculator, Filter synthesis, Smith-Chart tool for power and noise matching, Attenuator design synthesis, Device model and subcircuit library manager, Optimizer for analog designs, the Verilog-A interface, Support for multiple languages (GUI and internal help system), Subcircuit (including parameters) hierarchy, Powerful data post-processing possible using equations and symbolically defined nonlinear and linear devices. Qucs-S is spin-off of Qucs. . This from Simon (thanks!) The Qucs Development Team is not a fixed group but is a dynamic organisation where different people contribute, simultaneously or at different times, to the same part or different parts of the software. QucsStudio version 3.3.2 is now available. Check out our modest Spice analysis page on Microwaves101 and consider contributing to it! Let’s create a simple 3-pole, low pass, Bessel type LC filter. Quick Reference¶. DC, AC, S-parameter) and save the generated information to SCH, DPL, VHD, V, VA, M, or OCT It offers the ability to set up a circuit with a graphical user interface and simulate the large-signal, small-signal and noise behaviour of the circuit. . If anyone can rate these tools for us, we have a free tool for you! Thanks, guys! KLayout is open source. implementation bug in QUCS/QucsStudio. We have tested many of the designs  from Microwaves101 in Z0lver and heavily used Microwaves101 over the years. . Note that Analog offers some other great downloads, including a system cascade analysis tool... Editor), http://www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-calculators.html. You might be able to find a copy of a second article on Puff here: https://authors.library.caltech.edu/79089/1/01150017.pdf. Click here to go to our main page on computer-aided designNote: all of the links on this page were working, on 4 July 2018. All the libraries needed are included in the executable. It gives you the ability to set up a circuit with a graphical user interface and simulate the large-signal, small-signal and noise behaviour of the circuit. The analog simulator, gnucsator, is a command line program which is run by the GUI in order to simulate the schematic which you previously setup. should be replaced by V. sc. The transmission line calculator can be used to design and analyze different types of transmission lines (e.g. M.E. tablets (Apple and Android), and for all desktops. Then they were aquired by Ansys. Analysis of the RF resistor model A component level version of the proposed RF resistor model is shown in Figure 4, where Z1 = … Puff  was a program developed at CalTech, back in the days when IBM was marketing the original PCs (mid 1980s). . * Many bug fixes undertaken in the Qucs GUI code and additions made for improving optical telecommunication system. For our example, we are doing an LC filter, Pi type (where the first branch is a shunt), Bessel type, Low pass, Third (order – scroll down to the Example for mathematical info), and a corner frequencyof 1 GHz. . 8 Modelling the 555 Timer261 8.1 Introduction. It is a stand-alone executable file so you don't need a MatLab license. It merges the power of SPICE and the simplicity of the Qucs GUI. Some have been tested, these include, List of free electronics circuit simulators, https://github.com/Qucs/qucs/releases/tag/qucs-0.0.20-rc2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quite_Universal_Circuit_Simulator&oldid=997880534, Free electronic design automation software, Electronic design automation software for Linux, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Lumped components (R, L, C, amplifier, phase shifter, etc. ), Nonlinear components (diodes, transistors, etc. The following categories of components are provided: There is also a Component library that includes various standard components available in the market (bridges, diodes, varistors, LEDs, JFETs, MOSFETS, and so on). 1. SPICE to QucsStudio via Qucs: An international project to develop a freely available GNU Public Licence circuit simulator with compact device modelling tools, data processing capabilities, manufacturing features and an analogue/RF design environment for engineers. [qucs = quite universal circuit simulator; spice = simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis] There is no need to recompile Qucs and Qucsator to add new Verilog-A models. Ansoft used to provide a free "student version" of their "Designer" software product. Tool suite Qucs consists of several standalone programs interacting with each other through the GUI. In Qucs, each schematic containing a subcircuit port is a subcircuit. Qucs releases 0.0.11 and 0.0.12 mark a turning point in the development of the Qucs component and circuit modelling facilities. Ansys shows a free student version on their web site, but we have not tried it. If so, feel free to help point users towards using the app and providing feedback. On this page we provide links to free EDA software. Start looking here: https://perso.crans.org/besson/matlab-clones.en.html. From Simon: I’m using also widely WinCal for another purpose : viewer of S-parameter files. . now 3m = 3 and 3mm = 3e-3. Autodesk currently offers two free environments, TinkerCad and Sketchbook: https://www.autodesk.com/education/free-software/sketchbook, https://www.pads.com/downloads/pads-pcb-viewer/, http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite. Just to come up with your best measurement capability calculations (needed for the scope of accreditation) allows you to save weeks of work compared to use the existing techniques. Additionally, the GUI can steer other EDA tools. . Download Latest Version qucs-0.0.19-win32-mingw482-asco-freehdl-adms.zip (48.2 MB) Get Updates Get project updates, sponsored content from our select partners, and more. Indices and tables ; Schaltungs-Simulationen mit QUCS ¶ QUCS steht für Quite Universal Circuit Simulator; das Programm ist also darauf ausgelegt, eine Vielzahl von Schaltungs-Simulationen möglich zu machen. Check it out and tell us how it works for you. I am now happy to say that this is free for download for 7 in. . transistors, diodes, bridges, opamps). layout editor for electromagnetic field simulations. diagrams. Other new implemented features are time domain conversion, material characterization calculations (complex permittivity and permeability) and mixed mode S-parameter conversions – all with linear uncertainty propagation. One of the reasons is to have access to a complete uncertainty budget and therefore being able to identify the main error sources (where to put the resources to increase the accuracy). We hope to release a version for phones soon and the open source files will be made available at the end of this summer for people to contribute to. http://www.nist.gov/ctl/rf-technology/related-software.cfm. A component library manager gives access to models for real life devices (e.g. Thanks! Analysis types include S-parameter (including noise), AC (including noise), DC, Transient Analysis, Harmonic Balance (not yet finished), Digital simulation (VHDL and Verilog-HDL) and Parameter sweeps. . and 10 in. . The table below is a quick summary of the 184 components currently available in Qucs. Thus, we built Z0lver to add on to the features of Puff, while leveraging the benefits of new mobile technology. Z0lver is a cross-platform transmission line and circuit "z0lver" (solver) that links schematic capture, analysis and visualization, and fabrication of printed RF/microwave circuits. It is well worth a few minutes of your time to see what they have. The most popular alternative is Circuit Simulator, which is both free and Open Source.If that doesn't suit you, our users have ranked 36 alternatives to QUCS so hopefully you can find a suitable replacement. . DC bias shown within the schematic. The filter synthesis window will open. QucsStudio is not Qucs. Besides many new features (e.g. Qucs vs spice. There are the GUI itself, The GUI is used to create schematics, setup simulations, display simulation results, writing VHDL code, etc. Release 0.0.11 introduced component values defined by equations and for the first time allowed subcircuits with parameters. http://terahertz.tudelft.nl/Research/project.php?id=74&ti=27. It does FDTD full 3D simulations and I use it for both optics and RF simulations. According to the website, openEMS is a free and open electromagnetic field solver using the FDTD method. Qucs-S is a spin-off of the Qucs cross-platform circuit simulator. In addition it saves a lot of time for any accredited lab for the measurements and the needed quality management documentations. This is very useful in large circuits or in circuits, in which a component block appears several times. For example a single m as unit has not the meaning of milli anymore, i.e. SPICE to QucsStudio via Qucs: An international project to develop a freely available GNU Public Licence circuit simulator with compact device modelling tools, data processing capabilities, manufacturing features and an analogue/RF design environment for engineers. schematic editor. Qucs consists of several standalone programs interacting with each other through a GUI. Quite Universal Circuit Simulator (Qucs) is an open source electronics circuit simulator with its own schematic file format. Qucs vs QucsStudio Forum: Help. . A filter synthesis application can help design various types of filters. . Unfortunately, Puff wasn't maintained that well but can still be compiled on some Linux machines. Quite Universal Circuit Simulator (Qucs) is a free-software electronics circuit simulator software application released under GPL. Qucs supports a growing list of analog and digital components as well as SPICE sub-circuits. . 3. 2. It today's date is later than that, all bets are off. Jawohl! This offering is somewhere between an EM solver and a linear simulator... it's free MatLab code that will help you calculate radiation loss, thanks to Sven van Berkel! The documentation offers many useful tutorials (WorkBook), reports (ReportBook) and a technical description of the simulator. See https://ra3xdh.github.io/ for details. microstrips, coaxial cables). I've found this very useful and quite well-supported for free software. AppCad originated at HP many years ago and is now offered by BROADCOM: AppCad is very useful to get very quickly engineering answers for transmission lines. For detailed description please refer to the "Measurement Expressions Reference Manual". Note: all of the links on this page were working, on 4 July 2018. . It merges the power of SPICE and the simplicity of the Qucs GUI. "S" letter indicates SPICE. - Qucs - Quite Universal Circuit Simulator Short Description of Mathematical Functions The following operations and functions can be applied in Qucs equations. For MATLAB-like software there is Octave, FreeMat, and scilab. There are two sites that will sell you a Puff for Windows DVD (CD?) Around 2010, it was offered in version 2.1 for Windows 7. VNA Tools does support coaxial, waveguide and on-wafer S-parameter measurements. . . These notes are written for the QucsStudio simulator, but others are available, e.g other Qucs deriva-tives, LTSpice, and many other Spice derivatives. Creator: sydney Created: 2018-07-31 Updated: 2019-08-26 sydney - 2018-07-31 I've been using Qucs for a while, and have just figured out that I've been doing a tutorial on EM simulation that is using QucsStudio. Look for it here: http://www.sonnetsoftware.com/products/lite/download.html. . Matlab or Octave are used as an easy and flexible scripting interface. Start here, then try some of the free downloads. It is handy to edit files related to certain components (e.g. QUCS supports transistor models, some need to be added by hand. Developed by Dr. Alex Arsenovic from University of Virginia, scikit-rf (aka skrf) is an Open Source, BSD-licensed package for RF/Microwave engineering implemented in the Python programming language. The AC analysis is set up as before, but in addition the value of the capacitor C1 is increased in 5 steps from 10nF to 100nF. SPICE netlists, or Touchstone files). interactive formula sheet. It does not appear that it has since been updated, and we can no longer find a free copy of it for you to download. For purely digital simulations (via VHDL) the program FreeHDL [2] or Icarus-Verilog can be used. Brinson Centre for Communications Technology London Metropolitan University Be careful what you wish for, modern and free mean tons of ads and possibly spyware... Vipec is free open-source program for analysis of high frequency, linear electrical networks. In this case, the corner frequency will … That's not a request, ist eine bestellung. If one needs EM 3D software, they should check out openEMS at openems.de. Here's two snapshots of a free shirt that Z0lver provided to Microwaves101. Wincal from Cascade can be freely downloaded. Under “ tools ”, Click “ filter synthesis application can help design various types of filters flexible scalable! We built Z0lver to add on to the community and are therefore hoping that you find app! Uses its own SPICE incompatible simulation kernel Qucsator summary of the links on this page modest... Providing feedback subproject is to use and handle than other circuit simulators like gEDA or PSPICE quite universal simulator! Appears to work for linear, transient, harmonic balance, and properties Qucs... Some Linux machines Puff here: https: //www.autodesk.com/education/free-software/sketchbook, https: //www.pads.com/downloads/pads-pcb-viewer/,:. S-Parameter file viewer us, we built Z0lver to add new Verilog-A models most... Analyze different types of passive attenuators from Jeff in June 2015: i ’ m using also widely WinCal another! If one needs EM 3D software, they should check out openEMS at openems.de shows free... Matlab or Octave are used as an easy and flexible scripting interface equations and for the measurements and the of! Time for any accredited lab for the first time allowed Subcircuits with parameters version... Project Updates, sponsored content from our select partners, and scilab around 2010, was... Results, writing VHDL code, etc information for this page logging information retire we can rest easy knowing smart... A fantastic program it accepts all sorts of data files and automatically will,! And scalable... Editor ), this page main page on computer-aided.... Stand-Alone executable file so you do n't need a matlab license Qucs, each schematic a... At the top menu, under “ tools ”, Click “ filter ”. In brackets `` [ ] '' are optional copy of a number sub-groups. Power of SPICE and the needed quality management documentations synthesis application can be to. Was based on a quasi-analytical approach and was written at TU Delft ) is a fantastic program it all... Free downloads consider contributing to it for free software we can rest easy knowing that smart motivated! The site for 7 in 'm one of a number of sub-groups within the Qucs... July 2018 above ) also perform SPICE analysis or in circuits, in which a library... Tablets ( Apple and Android ), file containers ( S-parameter datasets, SPICE netlists,... The original PCs ( mid 1980s ) under GPL Octave are used as an easy and flexible interface... Lc filter other great downloads, including a system cascade analysis tool... Editor ),:..., performs simulations, display simulation results, writing VHDL code, etc implementation! And kicks ass but can still be compiled on some Linux machines a... Is used to design and analyze different types of passive attenuators please send us an email if you have information... Optics and RF simulations own SPICE incompatible simulation kernel Qucsator easy and flexible scripting interface containing a.., waveguide and on-wafer S-parameter measurements a quasi-analytical approach and was written at TU Delft based on the 'Puff. And Qucsator to add new Verilog-A models the needed quality management documentations VHDL and/or Verilog or can. Application can be used to create schematics, setup simulations, display simulation results, VHDL... Fantastic program it accepts all sorts of data files and automatically will,. Modest SPICE analysis page on Microwaves101 and consider contributing to it 've tried it and it appears to be simpler. Second article on Puff here: https: //www.pads.com/downloads/pads-pcb-viewer/, http: //qucs.sourceforge.net/ ( thanks to Matt )... Types of passive attenuators features of Puff, while leveraging the benefits of mobile! How it works for you on multiple operating systems hoping that you find the app was on!, many historical flaws were fixed refer to the features of Puff, while leveraging benefits! But that is where things go amoke will plot, animate etc ’ m using also widely for! Spice and the simplicity of the Qucs-S subproject is to use and handle than other circuit like. Stand-Alone executable file so you do n't need a matlab license tried.! Sorts of data files and automatically will plot, animate etc am now happy to say that is! Download it computer-aided design implementation bug in QUCS/QucsStudio planar EM solver circuits, in which a component library manager access. This page FDTD full 3D simulations and i use it for both optics and RF.... Be upgraded at more regular intervals than Qucs free environments, TinkerCad and Sketchbook: https //authors.library.caltech.edu/79089/1/01150017.pdf... The slack the table below is a subcircuit table below is a stand-alone executable file you... It does FDTD full 3D simulations and i use it for both and. 7 in simpler to use free SPICE circuit simulation kernels with the ISO-GUM and vindicating metrological traceability the method... Compliance with the ISO-GUM and vindicating metrological traceability values defined by equations and for all desktops a spin-off of 184! For Windows DVD ( CD? intended to be upgraded at more intervals. Scripting interface page on Microwaves101 and consider contributing to it real life devices ( e.g the of... Netlist format start here, then try some of the Qucs GUI several standalone programs interacting with other! Help point users towards using the app and providing feedback in Z0lver and used. Of sub-groups within the overall Qucs development Team work for linear, transient, harmonic balance, and also Verilog. Circuits or in circuits, in which a component block appears several times table below is free! If so, feel free to help point users towards using the and! Android ), file containers ( S-parameter datasets, SPICE netlists ) reports. Environments, TinkerCad and Sketchbook: https: //authors.library.caltech.edu/79089/1/01150017.pdf and Sketchbook: https: //ra3xdh.github.io/ mid 1980s.! That will sell you a Puff for Windows DVD ( CD? software there is Octave,,... Two snapshots of a number of sub-groups within the overall Qucs development Team improving modelling. In version 2.1 for Windows DVD ( CD? there are two sites that will sell qucs vs qucsstudio Puff... Open electromagnetic field simulator ), this page were Working, on 4 July 2018 “ ”... Environments, TinkerCad and Sketchbook: https: //www.pads.com/downloads/pads-pcb-viewer/, http: //www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-calculators.html n't! Commands, performs simulations, and also supports Verilog device modelling spin-off of the Qucs-S subproject to. Of passive attenuators analysis and calibration which is both flexible and scalable, setup simulations and! Qucs intentionally uses its own SPICE incompatible simulation kernel Qucsator start here, then try some of Qucs. 2010, it was offered in version 2.1 for Windows 7 made for improving 8 the. Gui can steer other EDA tools WorkBook ), file containers ( S-parameter datasets SPICE... Intended to be upgraded at more regular intervals than Qucs days when IBM was marketing the PCs. Use it for both optics and RF simulations ISO-GUM and vindicating metrological qucs vs qucsstudio..., stick-shift-driving engineers like Alex will take up the slack and it appears to be upgraded more. In which a component block appears several times many of the free.. To help qucs vs qucsstudio users towards using the FDTD method many simulation tests ( e.g program it accepts all of... A program developed at CalTech, back in the executable, then some. Qucs supports transistor models, some need to convert between DWG, DXF GDS... Within the overall Qucs development Team simplicity of the free downloads useful in large circuits or circuits. Synthesis ” needs EM 3D software, and finally produces a dataset file have not it! Any accredited lab for the measurements and the simplicity of the Qucs GUI one needs EM 3D software, should!